History of Mandarin Chinese

History of Mandarin Chinese Mandarin Chinese is the official language of Mainland China and Taiwan, and its one of the official dialects of Singapore and the United Nations. It is the most broadly communicated in language on the planet. Lingos Mandarin Chinese is once in a while alluded to as a â€Å"dialect,† yet the qualification among vernaculars and dialects isn't in every case clear. There are a wide range of renditions of Chinese spoken all through China, and these are typically named dialects.â There are other Chinese vernaculars, for example, Cantonese, which is spoken in Hong Kong, that are exceptionally unmistakable from Mandarin. Be that as it may, a considerable lot of these tongues utilize Chinese characters for their composed structure, with the goal that Mandarin speakers and Cantonese speakers (for instance) can see each other through composition, despite the fact that the communicated in dialects are commonly incomprehensible. Language Family and Groups Mandarin is a piece of the Chinese group of dialects, which thusly is a piece of the Sino-Tibetan language gathering. Every single Chinese language are apparent, which implies that the manner in which words are articulated shifts their implications. Mandarin has ​four tones. Other Chinese dialects have up to ten particular tones. The word â€Å"Mandarin† really has two implications when alluding to language. It very well may be utilized to allude to a specific gathering of dialects, or all the more ordinarily, as the Beijing lingo that is the standard language of terrain China. The Mandarin gathering of dialects incorporates standard Mandarin (the official language of terrain China), just as Jin (or Jin-yu), a language verbally expressed in the focal north locale of China and inward Mongolia. Neighborhood Names for Mandarin The name â€Å"Mandarin† was first utilized by the Portuguese to allude to the officers of the Imperial Chinese court and the language they talked. Mandarin is the term utilized through a significant part of the Western world, yet the Chinese themselves allude to the language as æ™ ®Ã©â‚¬Å¡Ã¨ ¯  (pç tÃ¥ ng hu), å› ½Ã¨ ¯ ­ (guã ³ yç), or è  ¯Ã¨ ¯ ­ (hu yç). æ™ ®Ã©â‚¬Å¡Ã¨ ¯  (pç tÃ¥ ng hu) actually implies â€Å"common language† and is the term utilized in territory China. Taiwan utilizes å› ½Ã¨ ¯ ­ (guã ³ yç) which means national language, and Singapore and Malaysia allude to it as è  ¯Ã¨ ¯ ­ (hu yç) which implies Chinese language. How Mandarin Became Chinas Official Language Because of its enormous geographic size, China has consistently been a place that is known for some dialects and lingos. Mandarin rose as the language of the decision class during the last piece of the Ming Dynasty (1368â€1644). The capital of China changed from Nanjing to Beijing in the last piece of the Ming Dynasty and stayed in Beijing during the Qing Dynasty (1644â€1912). Since Mandarin depends on the Beijing tongue, it normally turned into the official language of the court. In any case, the huge inundation of authorities from different pieces of China implied that numerous tongues kept on being spoken at the Chinese court. It was not until 1909 that Mandarin turned into the national language of China, å› ½Ã¨ ¯ ­ ( guã ³ yç). At the point when the Qing Dynasty fell in 1912, the Republic of China kept up Mandarin as the official language. It was renamed æ™ ®Ã©â‚¬Å¡Ã¨ ¯  (pç tÃ¥ ng hu) in 1955, however Taiwan keeps on utilizing the name å› ½Ã¨ ¯ ­ (guã ³ yç). Composed Chinese As one of the Chinese dialects, Mandarin utilizes Chinese characters for its composing framework. Chinese characters have a history going back in excess of 2,000 years. The early types of Chinese characters were pictographs (realistic portrayals of genuine articles), yet characters turned out to be progressively adapted and came to speak to thoughts just as items. Every Chinese character speaks to a syllable of the communicated in language. Characters speak to words, yet only one out of every odd character is utilized freely. The Chinese composing framework is exceptionally perplexing and the most troublesome piece of learning Mandarin. There are a large number of characters, and they should be remembered and drilled to ace the composed language. While trying to improve proficiency, the Chinese government started rearranging characters during the 1950s. These disentangled characters are utilized in terrain China, Singapore, and Malaysia, while Taiwan and Hong Kong still utilize the conventional characters. Romanization Understudies of Mandarinâ outside of Chinese-talking nations frequently use Romanization instead of Chinese characters when first learning the language. Romanization utilizes the Western (Roman) letters in order to speak to the hints of communicated in Mandarin, so it is an extension between learning the communicated in language and starting the investigation of Chinese characters. There are numerous frameworks of Romanization, however the most mainstream for instructing materials is Pinyin.

Definition of Poetry Essay Example for Free

Meaning of Poetry Essay As indicated by W.H.Hudson we as a whole know what verse establishes. There are endless meanings of verse given by artists and pundits of verse and out of which Hudson picks some celebrated definitions. They are given underneath: * Johnson : â€Å"Metrical composition† , it is â€Å"the specialty of joining joy with truth by calling creative mind to the assistance of reason† * Macaulay: â€Å"we mean the craft of utilizing words in such a way as to deliver a hallucination on the creative mind, the specialty of doing by methods for words what the painter does by methods for colours† * Carlyle: â€Å"We will call Musical thought† * Shelley: â€Å"In a general sense might be characterized as the outflow of the imagination† * Hazlitt: â€Å"It is the language of the creative mind and the passions† * Leigh Hunt: â€Å"The articulation of an energy for truth, excellence, and power, typifying and delineating its originations by creative mind and extravagant, and balancing its language on the rule of assortment in unity† * Coleridge: â€Å"Poetry is the direct opposite of science, having for its prompt article joy, not truth† * Wordsworth: â€Å"It is the breath and better soul of all information and the energetic articulation which is in the face of all science† * Edgar Allan Poe: â€Å"It is the cadenced production of beauty† * Keble: â€Å"A vent for cheated feeling or a full imagination† * Doyle: â€Å"It communicates our disappointment with what is available and close at hand† * Ruskin: â€Å"The proposal by the creative mind, of honorable justification for the respectable emotions† * Prof. Courthope: â€Å"The craft of delivering joy by the only articulation of innovative idea and feeling in metrical language† * Mr. Watts-Dunton: â€Å" The solid and masterful articulation of the human brain in passionate and rhythmical language† * Matthew Arnold: * â€Å"It is just the most superb and ideal type of expression that human words can reach† * â€Å"It is nothing not exactly the absolute best discourse of man that where he comes closest to having the option to absolute the truth† * â€Å"It is an analysis of life under the conditions fixed for such an analysis by the laws of idyllic truth and lovely beauty† As Hudson state when we take a gander at them basically, and contrast them and each other, certain upsetting realities about them become clear. Remarking on these definitions Hudson finishes up they are nearly diverting in their assortment on the grounds that the subject is drawn closer from a wide range of perspectives. A few, carefully, neglect to characterize, on the grounds that they express rather what is poetical as a rule, any place it might be found, than what is explicitly verse. A few, then again, are excessively restricted and selective, in light of the fact that they perceive just the specific sort of verse wherein the author happened to be by and by intrigued.

Gullivers Travels Essay Example for Free

Gullivers Travels Essay The adventure of Lilliput is more enjoyable and engaging than that of Brobdingnag. Talk about. Gullivers Travels is an exemplary case of eighteenth century parody, one of Swifts most noteworthy works in an objection against the qualities and practices of his time. While his words heartlessly assault various parts of human culture and human character, by the idea of parody his weapon is humor. So there is a lot of beguilement to be had through the course of the book, most quite in the initial two experiences, in Lilliput and Brobdingnag. On Gullivers first experience to Lilliput, he stirs on the island to end up bound and attached to the ground by the six-inch tall Lilliputians. In the wake of being stung with bolts and cut with lances, he chooses to comply, and afterward help the Most Mighty Emperor of Lilliput and his nation. So we see the premier objective of Swifts funniness and parody, that encompassing Gulliver himself, as Richard Rodino stated, Gulliver is a mocking gadget empowering Swift to score sarcastic focuses. In Lilliput he subjects to the Emperors detainment and his desires, some abnormal, for example, when he wanted I would stand like a Colossus, draw up the soldiers in close request, and walk them under me. Some others were basically mortifying, in any case, for example, when, after getting his declaration of freedom, he pledges to it with extraordinary gladness and substance, in spite of the way that he doesn't concur completely with the entirety of the articles inside, and continues to be thankful for the respect of the Emperors nearness, to whom he prostrates himself. This quiet submission with respect to Gulliver to a people who, to him, are minimal more than dolls that walk and talk, is corrupting on Gullivers part, yet likewise entertaining, since his absence of amusingness and point of view leaves him open to scorn. He, who can tow entire armadas and range a whole blustrug with a solitary advance, is decreased to asking a little ruler for his opportunity. Later on, he gets the lack of appreciation of the Lilliputians for the tainting of the illustrious royal residence, when he put out the fire by peeing on it. The outcome, because of his ill will with Skyresh Bolgolam, was that he was condemned to have his eyes cut out. While most others in such a position would have chuckled at being compromised by a people a twelfth their size, he is concerned and terrified by the declaration to have his eyes put out. In spite of the way that the sentence anticipates that him should appreciatively and submissively submit, contingent upon him not opposing as exceptionally sharp-pointed bolts are released at him, he chooses to run in any case, to the court of Blefuscu. This weakness enhances the cleverness in his conduct, the picture of a monster being frightened and running off from diminutive people is one that is in opposition to the one we would anticipate. Contrast this conduct with the way that Gulliver introduces himself in Brobdingnag. At pretty much every turn his minor size is mocked, he turns into the toy of a nine-year old young lady, the adversary of a thirty-foot overshadow, and is compelled to play out a degrading show till I was half-dead with exhaustion and vexation. While he is as compliant, in reality, maybe considerably more than previously, he is done doing as such to a people far littler than him. This picture of Gulliver being exhausted by individuals far greater, more significant than him, is just entertaining from the large people groups perspective. As we read it, there are, rather, particular feelings of subjection and torment. Another model is the point at which the Maids of Honor would here and there set me on the back endless supply of her areolas, just as different other shocking things, leaving Gulliver a long way from giving me some other feelings other than those of ghastliness and sicken. While one could discover parody in this section, it is a lot cruder and less amusing than comparable entries in Lilliput, a regular case of the kind of funniness found in this subsequent experience. Albeit Swift is mocking our interest with magnificence and appearances, the intensity of this concentrate stems not from fundamental ramifications yet from the stun of having the human body so cold-bloodedly attacked. In this manner, rather than quietly indicating his parody as he does in Lilliput, Swift takes a far harsher line in Brobdingnag, utilizing Gulliver to show the deficiencies and failings of mankind, through the mechanism of his different undertakings there. Its continually engaging when youre managing those littler and more fragile than you are, however significantly less clever when its somebody all the more remarkable managing you. The undertakings and occasions which happen in the two experiences likewise contribute a lot to the funniness. At the point when Gulliver is in Lilliput, one of the primary inquisitive things he identifies with us is the act of picking priests for administrative and court positions by the chosen people aptitude at moving on a tightrope or jumping under or over the Emperors stick. This thought appears to be strange to us, it presumably inspired a couple of grins when you initially read it, however Swift is implying the route that in his day and age, numerous administration authorities accomplished their situations from aptitude with words or placing cash in the correct spots. Legislative issues turns into a distraught artful dance, says Philip Pinkus. At the point when we discover that Flimnap would have dependably broken his neck, on the off chance that one of the Kings pads had not debilitated the power of the fall, Swift is challenging the manner in which the kindness of a ground-breaking priest could without much of a stretch shield a man from the loss of his position on the off chance that they strain so far as to overextend themselves and commit a lethal error. In Brobdingnag, a great part of the silliness rotates around the way that Gulliver must advance in our current reality where everything is too large, John F. Ross says that he holds a pride and confidence which would be superbly typical for him among his physical equivalents, yet which is crazy the situation being what it is. Once, over twenty wasps, appealed by the smell, came flying into the room These creepy crawlies were as extensive as partridges. The picture of Gulliver encompassed by winged creature measured wasps is promptly amusing, however beside the parody esteem, there is minimal mocking substance in this entry. There are numerous other humorous stories in the two undertakings, which can engage, yet in addition have different layers of importance. In Lilliput, one of the most diverting accounts is that of the war among Lilliput and Blefuscu, to a great extent as a result of its inceptions: It is permitted on all hands, that the crude method for breaking eggs before we eat them, was upon the bigger end: yet his present Majestys granddad, while he was a kid, and going to eat an egg, and breaking it as per the antiquated practice, happened to cut one of his fingers. Whereupon the Emperor his dad distributed an order, telling every one of his subjects, upon incredible punishments, to break the littler finish of their eggs. The outcome is that the occupants of the two islands go to universal war over so minor an occasion as breaking an egg. We discover this entertainingly amusing, thinking the Lilliputians and Blefuscudians inept and negligible to permit this occurrence to heighten so to such a degree. Be that as it may, when the Blefuscudian ruler tunes in to Gullivers recognition of my own dear local nation in a style equivalent to its benefits and felicity, he sees through the affectedness and vainglory of Gullivers record of Europe, seeing the defilement in government, the bias in law, the wastefulness in legislative issues, the blunder of the economy. Quick is indicating that the two circumstances are not all that unique, since little individuals will in general spot extraordinary centrality upon easily overlooked details, and when we are the little ones, it is carried home to us that by far most of our undertakings are of little outcome over the long haul. While the story found in Gullivers Travels is profoundly engaging, it is, principally, a work of parody, and this experience is planned as a message to the individuals and administration of Swifts eighteenth century Britain, to change, or even just to consider, the manner by which they approach their lives. After perusing both Lilliput and Brobdingnag, there is an apparent pattern in how Swift has composed his book. In Lilliput, Swift uses drawing in, fine funniness to camouflage his parody, though in Brobdingnag he moves onto more unpleasant, coarser diversion, with an undeniably increasingly clear assault on European culture, a pattern which is proceeded all the way to the finish of the book, coming full circle in a blistering attack on our view of human instinct itself, in the fourth experience. In this way, because of the manners by which we react to the depiction of Gulliver, and the occasions and silliness found in the two sections, I infer that the adventure of Lilliput is more entertaining and more engaging than that of Brobdingnag. Reference index Jonathan Swift, Gullivers Travels, 1726 Richard Rodino, The Study Of Gullivers Travels, Past and Present, 1992 Philip Pinkus, Sin and Satire in Swift (1965)

What to Expect From Visual Essay Mertons Theory Samples?

What to Expect From Visual Essay Mertons Theory Samples? Reading example essays works the exact same way! Merton employs the idea of social facts' as determinant in cultural objectives, in this event the American Dream. Merton rejected several of the notions that were the foundation for structural functionalism. By giving up their target of success, the person is deemed deviant. Most will spend the majority of their time on the job away from their families and friends, and might even still make an effort to get status and increased salary inside their professions, regardless of the simple fact they reject the end objective. Either could cause a criminal record. There has to be a core belief held by somebody on how best to get those goals. The American Dream' encouraged people to pursue an aim of success that was largely measured regarding the acquisition of wealth and material possessions. Folks are criticized should they opt to scale back their targets or the total amount of time they spend pursuing them. This produces unequal access to resources to attain the American Dream. As an example, sociologists also recognize political ritualism, which occurs when folks take part in a political system by voting in spite of the fact they are confident that the system is broken and cannot really achieve its objectives. Individuals from a particular area deemed to get numerous deviants or criminals gain that label. As a consequence, they may decide to go underground so the concerned persons may not have enough time to watch their deviant behavior. Merton spent a significant quantity of his time attempting to understand deviant behaviour and the explanations for why individuals commit crime as it represents a social issue . For instance, if society doesn't offer enough jobs that pay a living wage so that individuals can operate to survive, many will turn to criminal techniques of making a living. To face this reality, individuals could use a collection of strategies, which range from conformity to rebellion. These individuals are believed to be double failures in they engage in conduct that's neither normative and accepted by society at large nor deviant but accepted by means of a subculture. Furthermore, the individuals within the society aren't bound to a single role relationship. The only means to create a great living in line with the gang members, was from the streets'. When society states that somebody must take 1 path, but a person wants to have a different path, the choice to follow what society says is a sort of deviance. While certainly campus culture and student norms shift with time, it's remarkable how stable they've been. For instance the speed at which individuals deviate from the norm is regarding the level of integration and cohesiveness between society's members. You have to decide which is the specific aspect about which you would like to talk. His strain theory begins with the overall assumption that societies provide both culturally-valued targets and culturally-valued ways. To put the individual who's experiencing such a strain in check, society must work as a regulator. To offset the focus on stability of conventional functionalism, Merton introduced the idea of dysfunction. Somebody's natural inclination is to pursue the ideal pat h possible to fulfill their basic needs. Rather than earning money from work, for instance, somebody may believe that robbing a bank is a more effective means of raising their financial status. The notion of anomie usually means the deficiency of normal ethical or societal standards. This results in the feeling that an individual does not belong and isn't meaningfully connected to others. Utilizing the case of the American dream, in order for every single person to achieve it, they should have access to numerous luxuries like education, which isn't always true. If you consider it for an instant, there are probably at least a few methods by which you participate in ritualism in your life. The choices an individual makes differ depending on their self-dignity and their social status to be able to fit into society. Moreover, it's widely accepted that people who do not succeed are inherently lazy or inept in some manner. Visual Essay Mertons Theory Samples Explained When speaking about the exigence of this cartoon, the simple fact I believe everybody should open their eyes and attempt to relate toward each other is my primary motivation on writing about this subject. A good example of the type of person would be like a hermit. Often times visual papers are finally represented in the shape of slides or videos, but they're also able to be in the shape of posters. Thi nk very carefully about your selection of site name. The Basic Principles of Visual Essay Mertons Theory Samples You Will be Able to Benefit From Starting Right Away In some societies, over-conformity has turned into a mild type of deviance. Societies need social order to exist to have the ability to set targets and maintain an awareness of appropriate behavior. This was the first symptom of problems in the new society.

Cultural Values, Traditions, And Perceptions Affect Treatment

For my ethnographic project, I wanted to understand more about modern culture and psychiatry in America and I thought comparing outcomes in America and other countries was the best way to go about this. I chose to focus on schizophrenia because of the amount of information available, and the neurological components that seem to make it a mental disorder which is found equally among all populations. Originally, I wanted to answer questions about how cultural values, traditions, and perceptions affect treatment, how they affect the way symptoms express themselves, how do they shape the recovery process, how they differ from American/western counterparts, if there is a difference in long-term outcomes, and if so, why. I began by researching†¦show more content†¦For example, a person with schizophrenia may hear voices others don t hear or might believe other people are reading their minds, controlling their thoughts, or plotting to hurt them. Negative symptoms are those which ar e present among people without the disorder, but are missing or deficient in those with schizophrenia. They include flat affect and emotion, poverty of speech, inability to experience pleasure, social withdrawal, and lack of motivation. Cognitive impairments (impaired executive functioning, apathy, memory impairment, poor concentration) are also core features of schizophrenia. The onset of symptoms usually occurs in late adolescence or early adulthood, although they can appear later in life as well. Because the level of cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia is so debilitating, many with the disorder experience a severely diminished quality of life and are unable to maintain employment, function socially, or live independently. In west, the accepted course of treatment for schizophrenia is antipsychotic medication along with cognitive therapy. Schizophrenia is often thought of as a mental illness that is universally the same because of it s neurological components. Howev er, like most mental illnesses, it is highly influenced by the context of the culture in which it arises. Culture can be defined as â€Å"shared symbols and meanings that people create in the process of social interaction.† (Jenkens and Barrett, 2004, pg. 5)

An Analysis Of George Saunders And David Foster Wallace Essay

Nichele Rascoe Rascoe 1 English 120 October 10, 2016 Often times, many forget to be kind to one another. When we are performing out our daily activities we forget to think about other people. Individuals can be naturally selfish or self- centered. There are multiple obstacles working against our being kind to one another. Our own success being one of them. We must remember to put ourselves in the shoes of the other person, in order to understand the issues in front of us. It is not easy to become detached ourselves from how we usually are nor how we are born, but it is imperative that we try to ensure a brighter future. Why should we be more kind, or in fact less self-centered? George Saunders and David Foster Wallace mention the importance of being kind to one another and the steps necessary in graduation speeches. Both writers state that acting in kindness, ultimately leads to new freedoms and creates an enlightened human being. In the Commencement Speech, â€Å"This is Water: Some Thoughts, Delivered on a Significant Occasion, abo ut Living a Compassionate Life,† Wallace claims that people are naturally self- centered. (235) We only tend to see the world as it relates or pertains to us. Wallace’s speech is meant to change the graduate’s perspective on the world. Wallace believes that the graduates should heed his advice because it will eventually provide an importantShow MoreRelatedSolution Manual, Test Bank and Instructor Manuals34836 Words   |  140 PagesLane Keller (TB) A Friendly Introduction to Numerical Analysis,Brian Bradie (ISM) A Guide to International Financial Reporting Standards, 3rd Edition_Belverd E. Needles, Marian Powers (SM+TB) A Guide to Modern Econometrics, 4th Edition_Marno Verbeek (SM) A History of Modern Psychology, 10th Edition _ Duane P. Schultz, Sydney Ellen Schultz ( IM+TB) A Microscale Approach to Organic Laboratory Techniques, 5th Edition _Donald L. Pavia, George S. Kriz, Gary M. Lampman, Randall G. Engel (IM) A PeopleRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pages(Prentice Hall, 2012) Management, 11th ed. with Mary Coulter (Prentice Hall, 2012) Fundamentals of Human Resource Management, 10th ed., with David DeCenzo (Wiley, 2010) Prentice Hall’s Self-Assessment Library 3.4 (Prentice Hall, 2010) Fundamentals of Management, 8th ed., with David DeCenzo and Mary Coulter (Prentice Hall, 2013) Supervision Today! 7th ed., with David DeCenzo and Robert Wolter (Prentice Hall, 2013) Training in Interpersonal Skills: TIPS for Managing People at Work, 6th ed., with PhillipRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesLeadership Chapter 2 Organization Strategy and Project Selection 1.4 Projects and programs (.2) 1.4.1 Managing the portfolio 1.4.3 Strategy and projects 2.3 Stakeholders and review boards 12.1 RFP’s and vendor selection (.3.4.5) 11.2.2.6 SWAT analysis 6.5.2.7 Schedule compression 9.4.2.5 Leadership skills G.1 Project leadership 10.1 Stakeholder management Chapter 11 Teams Chapter 3 Organization: Structure and Culture 2.4.1 Organization cultures [G.7] 2.4.2 Organization structure

Vinland sagas free essay sample

Voyage Leaders The Vineland Sagas is a book that gives an in depth description into specific voyages from both Iceland and Greenland to North America. Even though most of the leaders on each voyage had the same goals, they were all distinctively different. The leader of the first voyage described in the book was Bjarni, who was the son of HerJolf and Thorgerd. Bjarnis goal was the set sail to Greenland. The next leader was Leif, whom later would become known as Leif the Lucky, he was the son of Eirik the Red of Brattahlid. Thorvald, who was the brother of Leif and also the son of Eirik the Red f Brattahlid, was the next to set sail. The next leader would be Thornstein Erikisson, who was both Leif and Thorvalds brother and son to Eirik the Red. The next voyage to Vinland was headed by a man named Thorflnn Karlsefni. One difference between the two sagas is the initial discovery of the lands to the west of Greenland. In The Saga of the Greenlanders, after Bjarni initially noticed the lands to the west, curiosity spread amongst the people of new lands. Leif was the first to venture to the West in hopes to find the lands; he soon purchased Bjarni’s ship and led on a voyage of his own with fellow companions. 1 However, Eirik the Red’s Saga records the initial discovery of the new lands by the voyage by Karlsefni and Gudrid who were accompanied by Freydis, Thorvard, Thorvald, and Thorhall. 2 This shows the discrepancy between the sagas and questions validity of who actually found and named the lands. The 1 second difference between the two accounts is the origin of Keel Point. The first saga tells the reader after Thorvald’s ship was wrecked, he announced to his companions that the spot of this unfortunate event will be called Keel Point. 3 Instead, the second saga reveals that Keel Point was just another piece of land named by Karlsefni and Gudrid’s voyage, after they witnessed seeing a keel of a boat around that area. 4 This difference outlines the different perspective the writers had in the story, it forces one to question the meaning of that ship wreck. Another difference is the role of Thorvald, and how it differs between the two sagas. Thorvald in the first saga is seen more independent as he leads his own voyage with his own companions after he thinks Leif did an inadequate job in exploring Vinland. 5 His role in the second saga is altered. He does not lead his own voyage, instead travels along with Karlsefni and Gudrid during their voyage to Vinland. 6 The less importance of Thorvald in the second saga makes historians believe that the writer of the first saga could have been closer to Thorvald which gives him more of an image. Along with the differences, the sagas do have many details of the voyages that can be closely comparable. In both the sagas the reader is told about the discovery of the lands west of Greenland by an accidental occurrence. The first saga describes Bjarni’s discovery of the lands to happen after his ship is blown off course to Greenland where he was going to meet with his father. 7 This is similar to the second saga where Leif finds Vinland by chance, when he is tossed about in the sea while on his way to Greenland to spread Christianity. This allows one to validate the route taken by the voyagers to North America. Another similarity between the two accounts is the story about Leif and how he earned the nickname Lucky. In the first saga, Leif comes across a group of stranded men 8 2 on a skerry and ends up rescuing fifteen of them. 9 This story is alike to the one from the second saga. Leif on his way to Greenland comes across a shipwreck, where he finds men in trouble; he ends up taking them home and sheltering them during the winter. 10 Thus, he gains the nickname Leif the Lucky. This similarity not only shines light on Leif Eirikkson, but also helps to confirm Leif’s voyage to Greenland, since both the accounts agree upon the event. The last similarity is the close connection between the lengths of the voyages. During Leif’s voyage in the first saga it is said that the time spent at sea between one point to another was two days. From Markland to the discovery of Vinland it took Leif two days at sea. 11 Likewise in the second saga the voyage of Karlsefni and Gudrid had similar lengths to the voyage of Leif. Identically to Leif, Karlsefni’s voyage from Markland to Vinland also took two days at sea. 12 Since both sagas describe the oyages to have taken the some amount of time, it allows historians to value this source in validating the discovery of the lands because there is no discrepancy between the length of time spent at sea. As a secondary source The Vinland Sagas prove to be a valuable piece of history. Not only because the sagas are the only account available from the 11th and 12th century, but that the accounts together help to piece together the voyages made by the Vikings to America. Togethe r the sagas compliment each other because they help to give different perspective of the Vikings discovery. Since there are many similarities between the two, it allows historians to infer that the sagas truly are factual pieces of evidence to the past. They are also important because it removes the stereotype of the Vikings being nothing but pure savages. It shows that the Vikings were successful pioneers and made profound discoveries 3 In conclusion the sagas hold both differences and similarities. The differences they had was the person who initially had discovered and named the new found land, the origin of the place called Keel Point, and the role of Thorvald as a voyager. In contrast the similarities they held included the naming and way the lands were discovered, Leif’s reputation of being Lucky, and the identical travel time on sea. Although the sagas may fluctuate with the differences and similarities, this source of history is still very feasible and valuable when looking back to the 11th and 12th century during the Viking Age. 4 Notes 1. Gisli Sigurdsson, The Saga of the Greenlanders In The Vinland Sagas, trans. Keneva Kunz (London: Penguin, 2008), 5-7. 2. Gisli Sigurdsson, â€Å"Eirik the Red’s Saga† In The Vinland Sagas, trans. Keneva Kunz (London: Penguin, 2008), 40-41. . Sigurdsson, Greenlanders, 10. 4. Sigurdsson, Eirik the Red, 41. 5. Sigurdsson, Greenlanders, 9-10. 6. Sigurdsson, Eirik the Red, 40. 7. Sigurdsson, Greenlanders, 4. 8. Sigurdsson, Eirik the Red, 34-35. 9. Sigurdsson, Greenlanders, 8-9. 10. Sigurdsson, Eirik the Red, 35. 11. Sigurdsson, Greenlanders, 6. 12. Sigurdsson, Eirik the Red, 41. 5 Bibliography Sig urdsson, Gisli. Eirik the Reds Saga. In The Vinland Sagas. Translated by Keneva Kunz London: Penguin, 2008. 23-51. Sigurdsson, Gisli. The Saga of the Greenlanders . In The Vinland Sagas. Translated by Keneva Kunz London: Penguin, 2008. 1-23. 6